Additionally, this enhanced frontal theta effect was not modulated by the experimental manipulations and individual differences in gender factors. This frontal theta appeared at a late processing stage and persisted across a time window from N400 to late positive potential. In addition, based on time–frequency (TF) analysis, we found that the enhanced performance of stereotype-inconsistent trials was also accompanied by an event-related synchronization on the frontal theta oscillation. In contrast, early attentional components such as P2 and N2 as well as their amplitudes were impacted by the experimental manipulations and individual differences in gender factors. For the event-related potential (ERP) results, the enhanced performance of stereotype-inconsistent trials was accompanied by an enhanced N400 amplitude but an attenuated late positive potential amplitude. As predicted, stereotype-inconsistent trials resulted in reduced response accuracies and slower response times than stereotype-consistent trials.
#STEREOTYPE BRAIN APP VERIFICATION#
Participants in this task conducted verification to white gender names and colored gender traits, and their behavioral response and electroencephalogram (EEG) were recorded during their performances. Based on this knowledge, the present study investigated the neural oscillatory correlates of implicit gender stereotype control in an extrinsic affective Simon task (EAST) using electrophysiological methods. Brain imaging studies have shown that the inhibition of implicit stereotypes was dependent on this domain-general cognitive control mechanism. Previous research has indicated that frontal midline theta (FMθ) reflects a domain-general cognitive control mechanism of the prefrontal cortex. Taken together, all existing evidence supports the hypothesis that stereotype control has a similar conflict interference mechanism with domain-general cognitive control. Simultaneously, conflict-related brain potentials such as N2, P3, NSW, N400, and late positive potentials (LPPs) were elicited and enhanced at a late temporal processing stage and showed their susceptibility to conflicts caused by stereotype violation Bartholow et al., 2003Bartholow et al.,, 2006Correll et al., 2006 Dickter and Bartholow, 2007 Amodio et al., 2008 Ma et al., 2008 White et al., 2009 Jia et al., 2012). In line with this effect, the control of stereotypes in that situation would result into a greater activation of cognitive control regions in prefrontal cortices, particularly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC Knutson et al., 2007 Cattaneo et al., 2011). This research strongly suggested that different mechanisms are involved in the stereotype activation and application processes. During the process of the stereotype application, electrophysiological data showed a P2 and P3 effect, indicating that stereotype application might be related to the rapid social knowledge identification in semantic representation and thus may be associated with an updating of existing stereotypic contents or a motivation to resolve the inconsistent information. Also, a late positive potential (LPP) was elicited, suggesting that social expectancy violation might be involved. During the process of stereotype activation, a P2 and N2 effect was observed, indicating that stereotype activation might be facilitated by an early attentional bias. The electrophysiological results indicated that the categorization processes involved in stereotype activation to quickly identify stereotypic and nonstereotypic information were quite different from those involved in the application. The behavioral (reaction time) and electrophysiological data showed that stereotype activation and application were elicited respectively in an affective valence identification subtask and in a semantic content judgment subtask. As few psychophysiological studies have given an integrated account of these stages in stereotyping so far, this study utilized a trait categorization task in which event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to explore the brain mechanisms associated with the processes of stereotype activation and its application. Previous behavioral studies have suggested that these two processes are independent of each other and may have different mechanisms.
Stereotyping involves two processes in which first, social stereotypes are activated (stereotype activation), and then, stereotypes are applied to given targets (stereotype application).
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